What is ADHD?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD, is a condition that affects how people think and behave. People with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, sitting still, or controlling their impulses. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ADHD can affect both kids and adults (CDC, 2021).
What are the Symptoms of ADHD?
ADHD symptoms are usually divided into two main types: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.​
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Symptoms of Inattention
People with inattention symptoms might:
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Have trouble focusing on tasks or activities.
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Make careless mistakes in schoolwork.
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Forget to do things or lose items like homework or toys.
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Have difficulty organizing tasks or following directions.
Symptoms of Hyperactivity/Impulsivity
People with hyperactivity and impulsivity might:
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Fidget or tap their hands or feet.
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Find it hard to stay seated when expected to.
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Talk excessively or interrupt others.
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Act quickly without thinking about the consequences.
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) says that these symptoms must be present for a long time and affect daily life to be considered ADHD (NIMH, 2020).
How is ADHD Diagnosed?
Diagnosing ADHD involves talking to a doctor or mental health professional. They will:
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Ask questions about behavior and symptoms.
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Gather information from parents, teachers, or caregivers.
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Use special checklists and tests to help make the diagnosis.
The American Psychiatric Association explains that the symptoms should have been present for at least six months and seen in different places, like at home and school (APA, 2013).
What Causes ADHD?
The exact cause of ADHD is not known, but research suggests that several factors may contribute to it. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) states that genetics, brain structure, and environmental factors can all play a role (NIH, 2021).
Genetic Factors
ADHD can run in families. If a parent has ADHD, their child is more likely to have it, too.
Brain Structure
Some studies suggest that the brains of people with ADHD might be different from those of people without the disorder. These differences may affect how they focus and control their impulses.
Environmental Factors
Certain things in the environment, like exposure to toxins during pregnancy or early childhood, may also increase the risk of developing ADHD.
How is ADHD Treated?
Treatment for ADHD usually includes a mix of medication, therapy, and support. The CDC emphasizes that a personalized treatment plan can help each individual manage their symptoms better (CDC, 2021).
Medications
Doctors often prescribe medications that help improve focus and self-control. Stimulants, such as methylphenidate, are commonly used to treat ADHD.
Therapy
Behavioral therapy can also be beneficial. This type of therapy helps people learn new skills to manage their behavior and improve their organization and social skills.
Educational Support
Schools can provide special accommodations, like extra time on tests or a quiet place to work, to help students with ADHD succeed.
What are the Long-Term Effects of ADHD?
People with untreated ADHD may face challenges throughout their lives. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) explains that without treatment, they might struggle with school, work, and relationships (AAP, 2021). However, with the right support and treatment, many individuals can lead successful lives.
Can Adults Have ADHD?
Yes, ADHD is not just a childhood condition. Many adults also have ADHD. The NIMH reports that about 4.4% of adults in the U.S. have the disorder. Symptoms in adults can include difficulty managing time, staying organized, and maintaining relationships (NIMH, 2020).
How Can Parents Support a Child with ADHD?
Parents can help their children with ADHD in many ways:
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Create a consistent daily routine to provide structure.
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Use positive reinforcement to encourage good behavior.
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Work with teachers to ensure the child gets the support they need in school.
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Seek professional help if necessary.
The CDC offers resources and tips for parents to help them better support their children (CDC, 2021).
What Educational Accommodations are Available for Students with ADHD?
Students with ADHD may qualify for special accommodations under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). These can include:
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Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) that tailor learning approaches to the student’s needs.
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Modifications in teaching styles or classroom environments.
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Access to support staff, such as special education teachers.
The U.S. Department of Education provides information on how to access these services (ED.gov, 2022).
Are There Alternatives to Medication for ADHD?
Yes, while medication is a common treatment, there are alternative therapies available. These can include:
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Behavioral therapy to help manage symptoms.
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Mindfulness practices to improve focus.
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Nutritional interventions to support overall health.
Research shows that these approaches can be effective, especially when combined with other treatments (NIMH, 2020).
What Should I Do If I Think I Have ADHD?
If you think you or someone you know might have ADHD, it’s important to talk to a healthcare professional. Our PA's and PMHNP's can help evaluate the situation and recommend a treatment plan. Getting help early can make a big difference.
References
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). ADHD.
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2020). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
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American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
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American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2021). ADHD: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment.
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National Institutes of Health (NIH). (2021). What causes ADHD?
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U.S. Department of Education (ED.gov). (2022). A Guide to the Individualized Education Program (IEP).